Nuclear Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Atomic Energy - Essay Example Sunlight based vitality is the greatest wellspring of vitality. Electrical vitality can be created straightforwardly from sunlight based vitality by utilizing sun oriented photograph voltaic boards. Electrical vitality can likewise be created by centering different light emissions at a point to produce electrical vitality utilizing the warm vitality delivered by centered shafts. Sunlight based vitality has the greatest potential among all the inexhaustible wellsprings of vitality. A photograph voltaic sun based board utilizes semiconductor material, which create power when photons strike its surface. On the off chance that there are sun powered boards on each home, the need of vitality can be satisfied (West 2011). A breeze generator creates electrical force by using streamlined vitality of the breeze and changing over it to electrical vitality. At the point when wind strikes the turbine bursts of a breeze generator, it runs the generator. An electrical force generator, if a perpetua l magnet type, pivots magnets around a curl in such a manner, that the magnets cut the transition, therefore producing electrical force. There a two normal plans of a breeze turbine even hub wind turbine and vertical pivot wind turbine. Both of the structures are sufficient productive to create electrical force even in a low wind conditions. Wind power holds the second greatest capability of vitality. A hydro power plant catches the hydrodynamic vitality of running water and used it to produce electrical force. Dams are developed as repositories of water, where water is gathered from waterways and streams yet for the most part streams. That water go through various turbines to gather hydrodynamic vitality from water and convert it to mechanical vitality. The mechanical vitality is then changed over back to the electrical vitality. There are numerous hydro power stations everywhere throughout the world and they are being used for over eighty years (Renewable Energy World .com 2011). Flowing vitality generator changes over flowing vitality to electrical vitality. A flowing generator takes a shot at the standard of elevated tide and low tide. It has a similar system as that of an even pivot wind turbine however in flowing vitality generator, turbines are lowered under the water to gather the vitality from the low or elevated tide. These kinds of generators can likewise be used to gather vitality from running water as in the waterways, streams and other running water sources. Huge flowing units can be set at shores and at the streams. Geothermal vitality can be caught from geothermal grounds. This kind of vitality is essentially a warm vitality and a geothermal force plant goes about as a warm force plant, where water is changed over into steam which at that point runs the turbine to create electrical force. Long funnels are drilled into the earth where geothermal grounds are available. Water is gone through these channels, where it is warmed by the warm vitality starting from the earliest stage changed over into steam (West 2011). There are a few geothermal grounds on the planet and vitality can be produced by utilizing these geothermal plants. Biomass vitality can be extricated from biomass or from natural waste. Biomass is gasified to create a gas that can be singed to produce electrical vitality. These strategies are not new, they are being used in numerous nations for a long time. Biomass can be delivered from crude wood, natural waste and other natural sources. Now and again smaller scale life forms are associated with the procedure to catch bio methane or bio gas from biomass. Along these lines the side-effect can be used as a manure,

Online College Paper Writers - How to Find Good Ones

Online College Paper Writers - How to Find Good OnesThe online college paper is one of the most important newspapers that you can publish to your students. This is because it provides a much better and accurate writing tool that can help you market your courses and provide valuable information about your students. Some of the paper writers also get students the chance to be featured in their publications by giving them a chance to go on the write for the school paper.Many of the online college papers publish many different types of writing. They are known for academic-based publications, competitions, research papers, essays, essays that use multimedia, and student opinions. The great thing about all of these types of publications is that you are able to post them online for everyone to see.The biggest problem with using these paper writers is that they tend to cost quite a bit of money to publish. You do have the option of buying a commercial account but if you're serious about mark eting your course and making a name for yourself online, you'll need to take the time to find freelance writers. This is another reason why you will want to choose an agency or a company that specializes in hiring freelance writers to help you get started.When you go looking for writers, make sure that they are affiliated with your student's school. This will give them a bigger advantage over other people who might be out there and try to get your attention without credentials. If you want to get the best writing, you want to look for people who have experience publishing articles online and doing this every day of the week.One way that you can get a lot of exposure for your online paper is to give some information about yourself on your articles. In the introduction, the articles, and especially the acknowledgments section, you can talk about yourself and what you are offering. Make sure that you also take the time to mention some of the other sites that you've published on in the space provided in your biography.Give your readers a good idea about how your online college paper can benefit their education. You can mention other colleges within the same subject that your students can join as well. This will show that you have some experience in that field as well.Try to make your essays more personal, but keep it relevant. Students love to write essays about themselves, but they can't always express themselves properly when writing an essay about someone else. You will need to write from your perspective, but remember that this is your paper and you should be providing an insight into what you are going through and why you are doing the things that you are doing.Remember that an online college paper is one of the most important publications you can publish to your students. Take some time to do some research on the online college paper writers that you are interested in and then pick the best one to use for your business.

Dorothea Dix and the Dangers o essays

Dorothea Dix and the Dangers o articles The report I read was about Dorothea Dix, and her journey to help the individuals who were intellectually sick. This was during the Jacksonian time frame, 1820 through 1840, and the residents were getting flimsy, and that it would cause a significant issue for what's to come. The individuals of the Jacksonian time frame felt the requirement for lodging and instructing however with this flimsy issue, craziness or intellectually ailment, and shield society from self-destructing. Schools were underscored more, to instruct understudies to be deliberate and dutiful. New settings called refuges were made to furnish request for those with confused personalities, however all these new thoughts required help and cash to be practiced, and many were prepared for the test, as Dorothea Dix. Dorothea Dix would offer plan to individuals in the Jacksonian time frame that in the event that she could get the assistance from the states, at that point so might anyone be able to else. She was conceived in Hampden, Maine, 1802, and didnt have an extraordinary youth, however it wouldnt stop her later on in life from achieving the objectives of getting governing bodies of the states to subsidize refuges. She didnt make a tremendous crusade for it, or have pledge drives, yet by and by proceeded to converse with those she expected to converse with, to get the objective achieved. Shed make trips around the states to accumulate data of how the intellectually sick are being dealt with, and carry it to the assemblies, with clarifications and thoughts. Dixs work wouldnt go to squander, she wouldnt get the Presidents vote in favor of the bill, yet her fantasy wouldnt be overlooked in light of the fact that by the twentieth century, her desire was in all actuality, the Sheppard Towner Act of 1921 and the Social Security Act of 1921. I ponder Dorothea Dixs assurance is an extraordinary report since it shows that determination will get you far, and on the off chance that you dont achieve your objective, you motivate others to go out and give their resolve. Shes an extraordinary good example for anybody to have. ... <!

Intellectual Property Rights - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2529 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Tags: Intellectual Property Essay Did you like this example? Intellectual Property Rights Intellectual property can be instrumental to the value of any business. The ability to protect a business or an individuals ideas, inventions and original processes is something that is considered essential to many establishments, particularly those that rely on innovative ideas and products as their unique selling point. Intellectual property rights span a wide range of situations and products, although the most common rights are designs, copyright, patents and trade marks. Each of these intellectual property rights aims to protect a different area of invention. Copyright protects works such as art or music; design protects the physical appearance of a product; trade marks protect the way in which a trader separates himself from his competitors; and patents protect the method by which a product is technically made up and functions. This latter category of intellectual property right can cause considerable difficulty to those applying for protection and those attempting to en force existing rights. Technology and the associated functions are changing constantly and often being tweaked or altered to meet a new requirement. At what point does this become patentable and distinct from the original technology? This requirement to be innovative in some way is the subject of much debate. Determining when that extra step results in a new protectable technological item is the key to ensuring that the correct items are offered protection. Courts have grappled with the relevant issues in determining whether or not a patent should be protected and when an attack on validity should be successful. Throughout the years, various tests have been forwarded by the courts; however, consistency in relation to obviousness and the concept of novelty and invention have proved particularly troublesome and are often hotly debated in court proceedings. Elements of Patent Law Before determining the way in which the courts deal with the issues surrounding obviousness and novel ty, it is first important to gain an understanding of what must be established in order to establish a valid patent, successfully. The basic definition of what is patentable is contained in Section 1(1) of the Patent Act 1977 (the Act). This Act states that in order to be patentable the invention must be new, must involve an inventive step and be capable of industrial application. The Act then goes on to consider each of these requirements, in more detail. Section 2 deals with the requirement that the invention is new. This requirement is commonly referred to as the novelty requirement. Section 2(1) states that for an invention to be novel or new it must not form part of the state of the art. Section 2(2) goes on to consider what state of the art actually encompasses. It defines state of the art as any matter (i.e. product, process, etc. ) that has previously been made available to the public by either a written or oral description. Simply put, if the invention has already bee n made available to the public, it is not going to be eligible for patent protection. When determining whether or not an invention is new or novel, the issue of whether or not it has been made available to the public will become central. The invention, in order to be considered in the public domain, must have been disclosed to at least one member of the public, who could if he wished use the information freely and the disclosure had to be sufficiently enabling. Sufficiently enabling means that the information contained must be such that someone who has a reasonable level of skill in the area to which the invention relates would be able to implement and make use of the disclosure. The disclosure must be in relation to one document (or one document with several others interlinked) and cannot simply be disclosure obtained from a mosaic of documents. There are exceptions to this rule in relation to disclosure that allow a patent still to be established where the disclosure has bee n made within six months of the patent application and has been done in confidence. Pulling these factors together, it is clear that the need for novelty insists on the patent being completely new and innovative. Although, based on the mosaic rule, the collection of previous documents and information to create a new invention will not be barred from receiving patent protection. The Issue of Novelty From looking at the above breakdown of what an individual has to prove in order to establish a valid patent, it is clear to see that the issue of novelty is central to most patent decisions. The Section 2 requirement for novelty contained in the Act is a corresponding provision of Articles 54 and 55 of the European Patents Convention (1973) (EPC). As a general rule, an invention is not novel if the amalgamation of features has already been anticipated in a previous disclosure. This point was considered in detail in the case of SmithKline Beecham Plcs Patent [2006] RPC 10. In t his case, it was held that for there to have been that degree of anticipation, there must firstly have been a disclosure and there must secondly have been the element of enablement. That is, based on the disclosure, the suitably skilled individual receiving the details of the process would have been able to replicate the process disclosed. Pulling together both of these elements will allow the court to decide whether or not the patent before them is novel or not. Let us first consider the element of disclosure. When it comes to determining whether or not the specific invention has been previously disclosed, the question is not whether the prior disclosure was for an item of similar utility, i.e. it does not necessarily have to solve exactly the same problem as the current invention. In deciding this matter, courts have stated that in order to be a conflicting patent, the situation previously disclosed must be so close to the new invention that the utility gained by the new inv ention would be a practical certainty. This suggests that in order to establish a valid objection to a patent application on the basis of a prior disclosure, it would have to be shown that the prior invention was inextricably linked in terms of function to the new invention. Therefore, even if something similar has been previously disclosed, provided it is not close with the degree of inevitability that is required, the patent application will not necessarily fail on the basis of not being novel. A general disclosure of a possible process does not impact on the novelty of an invention; however, where there is a series of processes, each individual process could be the reason for a future patent application failing, due to lack of novelty. Secondly, there is the element of enablement. This means that whatever has been disclosed must be sufficient for a person, skilled in the relevant art, to copy or replicate the process or invention. This enablement provision should be thought of separately to the disclosure, as in the case of disclosure the information must be sufficient for a skilled individual to understand the disclosure. For the purpose of enablement, the skilled person must be capable of actually utilising or at least trying to utilise the relevant invention. When it comes to determining whether or not the invention is novel, therefore, several issues need to be considered. It is not simply a matter of determining if something similar has ever been made public. It must have been made public with sufficient clarity as to allow the invention to have been understood and put into effect by another third party. The patent, therefore, in order to gain protection, must offer a solution to a situation that has not been possible to achieve before and not simply a fanciful possibility of a solution given enough further experimentation. As stated in the case of General Tire Rubber Co. v Firestone Tyre Rubber Co. Ltd, the disclosure must contain clear and unmistakable directions to do what the patentee claims to have invented. Pharmaceutical Application The pharmaceutical industry as a whole has been one of the most litigated and dynamic areas in relation to the test of novelty. The recent case of Actavis UK Limited v Merck Co. Inc changed the way in which UK courts look at the test of novelty in relation to medical products. Prior to the Actavis case, it was thought that a new dosage or way of taking a particular drug could not be seen as novel; this has now been reversed by the Court of Appeal. In this case, it was held that a new regime for taking medicine could constitute a novel invention for the purpose of obtaining a valid patent. Furthermore, the court dealt with the issue of obviousness, stating that it had to be obvious at the date of priority, not before or after, to defeat the patent, on this basis. The leading case of Merrell Dow v. Norton and Penn, commonly referred to as the Terfenadine decision, held tha t when looking at a pharmaceutical process the definition of new had to be applied to the actual processes and not to a new result or outcome. In this case, it was held that although Merrell had discovered a new reaction from Terfenadine, it was not novel as the composition had previously been disclosed to the public (albeit not for that specific purpose). This produces an interesting position. Based on this judgment, it would seem that whether or not the process or invention produces a solution for a previously unsolvable issue is irrelevant; the issue is whether the actual matter itself has been disclosed. The focus of the test is on the physical items and not on the resulting outcome. Bearing this decision in mind and the way in which the courts have chosen to deal with pharmaceutical claims, it would seem impossible to conclude that the issue of patentability is based purely on finding a solution for a technical problem that could not be solved before. Obviousness This leads us on to consider how important the actual resulting process or invention is to the determination of whether or not it is patentable. Aside from the requirement of novelty, the process or invention must involve and innovative step. This has been interpreted to mean that the invention would not be obvious to someone skilled in the art when presented with the relevant matter. One of the ways in which this test has been interpreted is to consider whether or not it fills a gap in the market, thus becoming an immediate business success. If this is the case, it is more likely that the invention would be seen as non-obvious and, therefore, patentable. The requirement for this inventive step is contained in Section 3 of the Act. Deciding on what exactly is obvious and what is not has been a matter for the courts. In the case of Windsurfing International Inc. v Tabur Marine (Great Britain) Ltd, the main test for obviousness was laid down and remains the starting point for judges whe n deciding whether or not the invention is obvious. It was held that the court should take a four stage approach. Firstly, it should look at the inventive step itself in isolation, i.e. separating it from any supplementary aspects of the invention. Secondly, once the court is clear what the inventive step in question actually is, it should put itself in the position of the common person, skilled in the relevant art with the knowledge that was available at the date of priority. Thirdly, the court needs to consider the difference between what is known by the common man and what the invention professes to display. Finally, the court needs to determine whether the step between what is known and the invention would have been obvious to the common man. For example, in the case of Sabaf SpA v. MFI Furniture Centres Limited and others, the House of Lords considered the issue of whether the gas burner in question was obvious. In this case, the argument that Sabaf was presenting to the cou rt was that its patent for a gas burner had been infringed. The respondents (MFI and others) claimed that they were using a new invention as it was, in fact, the combination of two inventions that had generated their specific gas burner. The crucial point here was that it was not possible to take two existing inventions and put them together to establish a new invention, where this new invention would be the obvious product of the two original inventions. The test for being obvious seems to be reasonably wide with the court requiring a definite inventive step and not simply a natural progression, even if the natural progression is novel. Conclusions The area of patent law and, in particular, determining whether or not an invention is novel and / or obvious is by no means clear. The courts take a very individual approach to each case as it is presented to them based on the individual facts. Despite this, it seems that both elements, i.e. novelty and obviousness, remain instr umental. It is not true to say that provided an invention is novel it does not matter whether or not it is obvious. The courts have widened their view of obviousness but not so far as to remove it entirely. Therefore, if the patent in front of the court fails the test of obviousness and a person skilled in that specific area could have also established the invention it would fail, regardless of how novel the invention turns out to be. Both tests must be suitably established in order to gain patent protection. Producing a solution to a problem is highly important to the decision, but it is not the only deciding factor. The issue of obviousness simply cannot be ignored. Bibliography (14 required) Bagley, Margo A. , Patent First, Ask Questions Later: Morality and Biotechnology in Patent Law, William and Mary Law Review, Vol. 45, 2003 Bainbridge, David I. , Intellectual Property, Pearson Education, 2006, Pages 374 407 Colston, Catherine, Principles of Intellectual Proper ty Law, Cavendish Publishing, 1999, Pages 86 105 Cornish, William Rodolph, Vaver, D. , Bently, Lionel, Intellectual Property in the New Millennium: Essays in Honour of William R. Cornish, Cambridge University Press, 2004, Pages 91 95 Grubb, Philip W. , Patents for Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, and Biotechnology: Fundamentals of Global Law, Practice, and Strategy, Oxford University Press, 1999 Hodkinson, Keith, Protecting and Exploiting New Technology and Designs, Taylor Francis, 1988, Pages 32 71 Johnston, Josephine, Wasunna, Angela A. , Patents, Biomedical Research. And Treatments: Examining Concerns, Canvassing Solutions, The Hastings Center Report, Vol. 37, 2007 Karet, Novelty under English Law. Appeal in Merrell Dow v Norton 16(5) European Intellectual Property Review 204, 1994 Muir, Ian, Brandi-Dohrn, Matthias, Gruber, Stephan, European Patent Law: Law and Procedure under the EPC and PCT, Oxford University Press, 1999 Patterson, Mark R. , Contractual Expa nsion of the Scope of Patent Infringement through Field-of-Use Licensing, William and Mary Law Review, Vol. 49, 2007 Pressman, David, Patent It Yourself, Nolo, 2008, Pages 15 20 Taylor, Christopher Thomas, Silberston, Aubrey, The Economic Impact of the Patent System: A Study of the British Experience, CUP Archive, 1973, Pages 12 23 Thomas, John R. , Litigation beyond the Technological Frontier: Comparative Approaches to Multinational Patent Enforcement, Law and Policy in International Business, Vol. 27, 1996 White, The Novelty-Destroying Disclosure: Some Recent Decisions 9 European Intellectual Property Review 315, 1987 Don’t waste time! 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Lae Task 1 - 772 Words

Splurging on a once in a life time dream vacation would be a priceless experience. Traveling to new and exciting places would create ever lasting memories that we would share for a lifetime. A vacation is a wonderful way for us to have a break from every day stresses and schedule conflicts. A luxury cruise can offer all these things and much more. Personally experiencing what a luxury cruise has to offer, I can guarantee a cost worthy, indulgent and memorable experience. The most enjoyable vacation I’ve experienced was a luxury cruise .Over the span of 4 days I was able to travel from Miami, Fl all the way to Conzumel , Mexico. Having experienced such a wonderful vacation in a short four day cruise, I would like to propose a long,†¦show more content†¦Another option is going to watch an acoustic guitar player and enjoy acoustic soft rock. If you are in the mood for a quiet and relaxing evening, sit out on the deck enjoying the cold sea breeze while reading a novel from the ships library. You also can go watch a comedy show in the theater or enjoy a Broadway style musical. Then you can turn in for the night, wake up in time to see the sun rise on a perfect horizon, with a view that last for hundreds of miles. The ship is already at a new port because while you were sleeping the ship had made its way to a new island or country which is ready to explore on your own, just take a taxi where ever you want to go or via an excursion booked v ia the cruise line. Over all I think cruising is the best, most value-full option for a vacation. It is an awesome feeling to be able to go to bed at night and wake up somewhere new. No driving from place to place.. No stress in making hotels reservations or trying to figure out where you are going to eat for dinner. Biggest choice you have is what you are going to do that day in port, or what you are going to eat in the restaurant that night for dinner. No cleaning because every time you leave your room, your room steward is in there cleaning and making sure everything is in order. Cruising is perfect for just about anyone, only things that should stop you from consideringShow MoreRelatedThe Case Of Amelia Earhart1547 Words   |  7 Pagestrue events surrounding her disappearance. For this reason, historical accuracy is absolutely necessary if one is to reach a logical conclusion about her demise. As George Santayana says, â€Å"Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it†1. But I posit this: remembering the past is useless if we opt to only take it at face value. If being complacent with simple summaries becomes habit, we will shirk investigating more important issues. 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Martin Luther King Jr. - 2405 Words

Martin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist minister and social activist, who led the Civil Rights Movement in the United States from the mid-1950s until his death by assassination in 1968. IN THESE GROUPS NOBEL PEACE PRIZE WINNERS FAMOUS PEOPLE WHO DIED IN 1968 FAMOUS PEOPLE WHO WENT TO PRISON FAMOUS CAPRICORNS Show All Groups 1 of 19  «  » QUOTES â€Å"But we come here tonight to be saved from that patience that makes us patient with anything less than freedom and justice.† —Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr. - Mini Biography (TV-14; 4:16) Learn more about Martin Luther King, Jr. s efforts to transform the United States understanding of racial inequality and his campaign with other Civil Rights leaders for equal treatment under the law in this mini biography. Synopsis Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia. 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As the father of modern civil rights movement, Dr.Martin Luther king, Jr., is recognized around the world as a symbol of freedom and peace. Born January 15, 1929, King was the son of an Atlanta pastor. King accomplished many achievements during his life. He graduated from Morehouse as a minister in 1948 and went on to Crozer Theological seminary in Chester, Pa., where he earned a divinity degree. After that KingRead MoreThe Legacy of Martin Luther King Jr.1123 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. (January 15, 1929 - April 4, 1968) was known as an activist and a remarkable leader for African Americans throughout the Civil Rights Movement. He was put in jail for his non-violent civil rights campaigns, spoke out for racial justice, and tried to find an end to racial discrimination. King’s legacy is still known present day, and continues to be one of the most well known leaders. Throughout Martin Luther King Jr.’s lifetime and the Civil Rights Movement, King was devoted

Marketing Evaluation PEST Analysis

Question: Explain Marketing Evaluation Using PEST Analysis? Answer: SWOT Analysis One of the biggest leaps Andrew Ramroop, the owner of Maurice Sedwell made was entering a new market in the US. Maurice Sedwell, originally based in UK experienced a huge business growth in UK and all over the world, which helped the business develop and improve worldwide. From the inputs received from Andrew Ramroop we thought of starting our own business on luxurious fashion accessories in UK. In this context, SWOT analysis of the business is done that is defined as analyzing the internal and external market factors of the company. It is used to analyze the internal market factors of Maurice Sedwell, which involves its weakness and strength. In addition, the external market factors involve the threats and opportunities of the tailoring industry of UK (Campbell, Edgar and Stonehouse, 2011). Weaknesses- Poor RD- The thing that the business lacks is proper research and development, which may result in growth of its competitors by better and innovative marketing techniques. Increasing staff turnover- The tailoring business does encounter a high employee turnover and our company is no exception. Online reach- Being a new company we are still waiting to enter the online market. Thus, it is needed for us to develop our online presence and develop entitys value (Chevalier-Roignant and Trigeorgis, 2011). Strengths- Company Size- Our company, is able to become a strong brand globally within a short period of time, so our company size is quite large. This will help the company get more resources and use it explore new and potential markets, overcome stiff competition and maintain long term sustainability. Cost Benefits- We are successful in cutting down its costs, which helps the company in maintaining higher profits. Low cost approach will help us cut down its price and get an edge over our rivals. Customer Loyalty- Our company, is successful in maintaining a steady and healthy relationship with its customers and also keeps on targeting newer customer bases which helps in improving the customer loyalty (Createadvantage.com, 2015). Threats- Economic Vulnerability- The global economy is quite vulnerable, which means that poor economy can hurt the fashion clothing industry and affect its potential customer base adversely. This could make a short run negative impact on our business and subtract our market value. Currency Volatility- The revenues and costs of the business changes rapidly due to the sudden change in the foreign exchange rate or change in currencies. Rising Competition- The level of competition in the fashion industry of UK is getting intense since 2014, this may affect our business because in a highly competitive market competitors are always introducing superior products (Laursen, 2011). Opportunities- Market Segments- The market of the fashion industry in UK is fragmented into different market segments as per the demographic and geographic factors. This will help us expand our business and improve our market share. Since we enjoy certain cost benefits over our competitors so it will help us explore the segmented UK market better. Online marketability- At present we lack proper reach in the online fashion market but our expertise and skills will help us expand our business in the online market in coming years. Using the online market will help us reach more to a wider audience at a comparatively low expense. Financial Advantage- The financial advantage of our company is measured from its financial statements. This will help us analyze our leverage position and expand our business in new markets. Innovative methods- With the change in technology we will use more innovative ways to produce the best product for our customers at the most affordable prices (Luther, 2011). Market Evaluation Using PEST Analysis In order to evaluate the UK market potential this includes an identified shortlist of markets and selecting the best market. The market analysis of UK fashion industry is done by using the PEST analysis, which are- Political Factors- The political factors in UK is quite stable but there is certain political concern, which may affect the fashion industry. The political concerns mainly include the exploitation of labour, which is mainly available to the country from the developing countries. Moreover, the globalized trading policies, increase in price competition between companies and between countries have adversely affected the labour chain. Due to which several labour and trade unions are restricting the operations of the fashion companies. However, in recent times this issue has been overcome largely but not completely (Reuvid, 2011). Economic Factors- Due to the increase in VAT and customers inclination more to the cheap imported products, the domestic companies have suffered a decline in their business. This impact the UK economy negatively, which has been resulted from the customer shift in choice more towards imported products which are cheaper in price as compared to the domestic products. However, with customer awareness programs the fashion clothing company are able to maintain strong customer base and long-term sustainability. In coming years it is believed that the fashion industry in UK will flourish and with new legal rules and regulations the domestic company will get a safer environment to trade their products (Vitale, Giglierano and Pfoertsch, 2011). Social Factors- The dress code in UK varies with its style and diverse population which includes vintage looks, night dressing, office style and casual style. This will help in encouraging the consumption of the fashion products and help the companies, wholesalers and retailers to determine the apparel types. Moreover people belonging to different age, gender and culture are also influenced and based on their choice and preference are provided with apparels and clothing within their budget. Technological Factors- The country being a developed one enjoys certain technological advantage, which will help the fashion industry to improve their production process. This will help our company use the technology, use it to our benefits, and provide a new and developed service to our customers through our retailers. In this context, we need to improve our RD department and undertake detailed market research and understand all the market factors and avail the benefits of the UK fashion market (Winer and Dhar, 2011). Recommendation for market entry: Analysis on the international luxury product market indicates that the sector is experiencing high growth. The market trend indicates that Chinese luxury product market is growing at a rapid rate. As stated by Atsmon, Dixit Wu, (2015) the Chinese luxury market accounts for almost 20% of the whole industry (Wu and Lin, 2014; Mckinsey.com, 2015). It is evident that entering into Chinese market will enable the organization to enhance its profitability. It is recommended that at the first stage of overseas expansion, the new organization should enter into Chinese market. Justification: As stated by Al Badi,( 2014) profitability of an organization is dependent on the condition of market. Analysis on the condition of Chinese market indicates that customers of the country show interest to purchase luxurious products. Income of Chinese people is increasing significantly. As an impact, the customers are also tending to spend more on luxurious products. Cain, (2014) stated that the consumers are showing a change in their attitude. As more people are becoming interested to lead luxurious lives, their spending on such products is also increasing. Discussion on the economical condition of Chinese population indicates that the people who belong to the upper middle class are increasing their expenses on luxurious products. As availability of luxurious products in Chinese markets is increasing, rate of consumption is also increasing. Dasic, (2014) opined that changes in nature of Chinese consumers is creating new opportunities for the organizations which operate in Chinese mar ket. Analysis on the choice of customers also indicates that the consumers prefer to buy products offered by internationally known brands. However the design and craftsman ship of the products is also emphasized equally. As the new organization is going to sell luxurious products of good quality , expanding business in China will be profitable for the organization. (Refer to appendix 4) Market Evaluation using Porters Five Forces: Figure 1: Porters five forces for Chinese retail market Analysis on the Chinese retail market indicates that the market is highly competitive. As growth rate of the market is quite high , several organizations are giving importance to enter into the market. It indicates that several new entrants may be present in Chinese luxurious product market. However the Government gives importance of growth of local industry. As an impact, entering into Chinese market is more difficult than other markets. Strict government policies also may reduce threats of new entrants in this market. The Chinese fashion industry is already occupied by several large multinational brands such as Zara, HM, Holister along with the Chinese clothing brands such as Boseidang, Trand and Youngor Group (Ferrell, 2014). Being new the market, Maurice Sedwell may face difficulties for attracting the potential customers. As several multinational as well as local brands are present in Chinese fashion market, bargaining power of consumers is also high. The organizations operating in this market faces difficulties to retain customers. Due to presence of lots of substitutes power of suppliers in this market is also high. The analysis indicates that competitive rivalry is quite high in fashion market of China. However demand of European fashion products is also increasing in the country. It reflects that Maurice Sedwell can get new business opportunities after entering China. Segmentation, targeting and positioning strategy: As the size of luxury fashion accessories market is increasing worldwide, expanding business activities outside UK will be effective to enhance profit of the organization. However needs of the customers can vary according to their cultural background (Ferrell, 2014).It is evident that requirements of customers need to be analyzed before development of marketing strategies. It is planned that at primary stage of business expansion, the products will be launched in markets of China. Segmentation- Customer analysis: Analysis on the luxury fashion accessories market of China indicates that it can be considered as one of the largest markets of such products. However the market is also experiencing high growth rate. Analysis on activities of customers in Chinese fashion accessories market also reflects that consumption of such products is dependent on the income of consumers. From the analysis it is evident that the consumers with high economic level and lower middle class are showing less interest to purchase luxurious products. However it is also evident that consumption of luxury products has been increased significantly in last few years. It is expected that the growth rate will continue in 2015 also. (Refer to Appendix 1). Targeting: As stated by (Hanic and Domazet, 2012) the organizations need to identify the most profitable group of consumers in order to enhance growth of business. Analysis on the Chinese consumers indicates that the number of people in upper middles class is increasing. These people are also showing interest to increase consumption of luxurious products. Apart from this, the wealthy people also account for significant portion of the total population It is evident that launching products for consumers of upper middle class and high income group will be beneficial for enhancing profit.( Refer to Appendix 2) Positioning: The organizations need to adopt suitable strategies as per requirements of the consumer (Teimourpour and Heidarzadeh Hanzaee, 2014). In case of the new luxury -product business, the expansion strategies need to be developed in such way so that number of customers can be increased effectively. The decision for positioning in market is developed using Bowmans strategy clock. It is decided that the organization will follow increased price/ standard product strategy for expending their business in China. As the organization is comparatively new, perceived value of the products to consumers may not be high. However the consumers will be provided with products of high standard. Price of the products can be increased later to increase profitability. Recommended marketing mix for proposed market: As the nature of consumers of UK and China is highly different, management of the new organization needs to develop new strategies for marketing mix for consumers of China (Tracy, 2014). Changes in marketing mix strategies will enable the management to meet requirements of consumers more effectively (Wood, 2012). Product: Analysis on the nature of consumers in China indicates that demand of the products such as accessories, hand bags and womens clothes is high. It indicates that selling such products in China will be profitable for the organization. Analysis on the nature of consumers in China also indicates that the customers tend to buy products from internationally known brands. However the customers are also attracted by innovative designs of products. On basis of the analysis , it is evident that we need to sell trendy products of good quality to consumers of China. Price: As our organization is comparatively new to market, it is expected that perceived value of the products offered by our organization will be less. Initially price of the products will be kept low to attract consumers. Later the prices will be increased. Place and process: At the first stage of business expansion, we are planning to sell our products using online shopping portals. As availability of internet is increasing in China, the strategy of online selling will enable the organization to reach the large number of consumers in urban areas. If the products are accepted by consumers, then new stores will be opened in the country. Promotion: In case of promotion also, online media will be used extensively. The social networking sites will be used for informing customers about the products offered by our organization. Using social networking sites will also be effective to get feedback on our new products (Wu and Chen, 2014). However the traditional marketing channels such as advertisements on TV and magazine will also be used. People: Apart from offering customers with standard products, we will also ensure that people who are responsible for delivery of products and services are able to meet requirements of consumers. We will give importance on hiring local people for product and service delivery in China. Physical Evidence: In China, we will give importance on providing promotional offers for the new products. It will enable us to inform consumers about new products introduced by us. It will also be effective to get feedback on our new products. Conclusion: Analysis made in this report on the condition of Chinese market of luxurious indicates that people of are showing interest to purchase luxurious products. As income of Chinese people is increasing significantly, the customers are also showing interest to spend more on luxurious products. Analysis on the economical condition of Chinese society reflects that the people who are belonging to the upper middle class are giving importance on increasing their expenses on luxurious products. As availability of luxurious products in Chinese markets is increasing, rate of consumption is also increasing. On basis of the findings obtained from the report it is evident that launching products for consumers of upper middle class and high income group will be beneficial for enhancing profit. In China the organization is going to follow increased price/ standard product strategy to expend their business. As the organization is comparatively new, perceived value of the products to consumers may not be high. As the nature of consumers of UK and China is highly different, management of the new organization needs to develop new strategies for marketing mix for consumers of China. From the analysis made in this report , it is reflected that management needs to offer trendy products of good quality to consumers of China. Discussion on the pricing strategy indicates that initially price of the products will be kept low but later prices will be increased. Implementation of the strategy of online selling will be beneficial for the organization for selling products to the large number of consumers in urban areas. References Al Badi, K. (2014). The Dimensions of Marketing Mix. Management and Organizational Studies, 2(1). Atsmon, Y., Dixit, V. and Wu, C. (2015). Tapping Chinas luxury-goods market. [online] Mckinsey.com. Available at: https://www.mckinsey.com/insights/marketing_sales/tapping_chinas_luxury-goods_market [Accessed 14 Jul. 2015]. Cain, P. (2014). Brand management and the marketing mix model. J Market Anal, 2(1), pp.33-42. Campbell, D., Edgar, D. and Stonehouse, G. (2011).Business strategy. Houndsmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Chevalier-Roignant, B. and Trigeorgis, L. (2011).Competitive strategy. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Createadvantage.com, (2015).Create Advantage | Home. [online] Available at: https://createadvantage.com [Accessed 14 Jul. 2015]. Dasic, D. (2014). Ethical aspects of marketing mix by nonprofit organizations. Posl ekonom, 8(2), pp.315-330. Ferrell, O. (2014). Marketing. South Western Cengage Learning. Hanic, H. and Domazet, I. (2012). Marketing particularities in financial organizations. Marketing, 43(1), pp.3-14. Laursen, G. (2011).Business analytics for Sales and Marketing Managers. Hoboken, N.Y.: John Wiley Sons. Luther, W. (2011).The marketing plan. New York: AMACOM. Mckinsey.com, (2015). Understanding Chinas wealthy. [online] Available at: https://www.mckinsey.com/insights/marketing_sales/understanding_chinas_wealthy [Accessed 14 Jul. 2015]. Reuvid, J. (2011).Business insights. London: Kogan Page. Teimourpour, B. and Heidarzadeh Hanzaee, K. (2014). An analysis of Muslims luxury market in Iran. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 5(2), pp.198-209. Tracy, B. (2014). Marketing. AMACOM. Vitale, R., Giglierano, J. and Pfoertsch, W. (2011).Business-to-business marketing. Boston: Prentice Hall. Winer, R. and Dhar, R. (2011).Marketing management. Boston: Prentice Hall. Wood, M. (2012). Marketing social marketing. Journal of Social Marketing, 2(2), pp.94-102. Wu, S. and Chen, Y. (2014). The Impact of Green Marketing and Perceived Innovation on Purchase Intention for Green Products. IJMS, 6(5). Wu, S. and Lin, S. (2014). The effect of green marketing strategy on business performance: a study of organic farms in Taiwan. Total Quality Management Business Excellence, pp.1-16.

Adventures of Tom Sawyer Book Rep. essays

Adventures of Tom Sawyer Book Rep. essays Mark Twains, The Adventures Of Tom Sawyer, is a story told from the eyes of the young Tom Sawyer. The story takes place in the small rustic town of St. Petersburg Missouri. Tom Sawyer is the main character of the book. Tom is an imaginative young man who always seems to be getting into trouble. Tom is very adventurous, he never passes up a chance to play pirates, robbers, or soldiers. This book has multiple themes but the most important is knowing when its right to talk and tell the truth and when its better to be quiet or lie. At the beginning of the story Tom is introduced by climbing in his window after a long night of cavorting with his friends. Soon after the start of the story Tom meets Huckleberry Fin. Huck is a local outcast of society who likes to live by his own terms. Tom and Huck become good friends. One night the two boys go to the grave yard. While they are there they witness the murder of the town doctor, Mr. Robinson. The boys watched as Injun! Joe kills the doctor and frames a drunk by the name of Muff Potter who just happens to be at the wrong place at the wrong time. The boys swear never to speak of this again. Soon after this Tom falls in love with his new neighbor, Becky Thatcher. Eventually the two become engaged but the engagement falls through when Tom accidentally mentions his former love while talking with Becky. The two fued and do not speak. Meanwhile, the whole town is gossiping of the murder of Dr. Robinson and the prosecution of Muff Potter. A trail quickly forms and Muff is put on the stand. Tom knows he can not let the innocent Muff go to jail so as the trial comes to a close Tom testifies, proving Injun Joe guilty. This is the climax of the story. After the trial ends, the man hunt for Injun Joe begins. Tom is treated like a hero, but feels bad knowing that he broke Hucks oath. Becky and Tom soon become friends again after Tom takes Beckys punishment at school for being careless wi...

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Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche essays Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was born in Rocken, Prussian, in 1844. He was named in honor of Prussian king, Fredrick Wilhelm IV, whose birthday, October 15, he shared. Nietzsches father, and his mother, franziska oenler Nietzsche, was the daughter of a Lutheran minister when Nietzsche was only five years old, his father died from what was called softening of the brain, after a year of mental instability. The rest of Nietzsche childhood was spent in a household of women, including his mother, his sister, his paternal grandmother and two maiden aunts. Nietzsches notorious rejoicing in Zarathustras (or the madmans) explains the declaration of the Death of God in the Zarathustra prologue. When Zarathustra was thirty years old he left his home and the lake of his home and went into the mountains. There he enjoyed his spirits and his solitude, and for ten years he did not tire of it. But at last a change came over his heart, and one morning he rose with the dawn, stepped before the sun, and spoke to its thus. One day Zarathustra said to the stars, like you I must go under- go down, as is said by man, to whom I want to descend. So bless me then, you quiet eye that can look even upon an all- too great happiness without envy! Bless the cup that want to overflow, that the water may flow from it golden and carry everywhere that reflection of your delight. Behold, this cop wants to become empty again, and Zarathustra wants to become man again. Thus Zarathustra began to go under. Zarathustra descended alone from the mountains, encountering no one. But when he came into the forest, all at once there stood before him an old man who had left his holy cottage to look for roots in the woods. And thus spoke the old man to Zarathustra. Zarathustra has changed; Zarathustra is an awakened one; what do you now want among the sleepers? The ol...

Learning Styles Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Learning Styles - Term Paper Example Cooperative learning finds the students working effectively in groups. The result is productive learning and if this cooperative learning is planned well the benefits are innumerable. The students should be allowed to work on topics of their own choice. This manner the student’s social and academic ability would improve. The teacher can group the students based on their ability and learning skill. Therefore every group would have a top student, a middle student, and a struggling student. Examination of certain strategies in teaching would enhance better learning. As Felder and Soloman said, â€Å"when planning and developing instructional material, strive for a balance of teaching styles to match various learning styles†.The four basic styles of teaching include formal authority, demonstrator or personal model, facilitator and delegator. Formal authority epitomizes the teacher who adopts a centered approach for the teacher feels responsible for providing and calculating the impartation of knowledge which the student is to obtain and assimilate. The relationship between the teacher and student as well as between the students is not given importance. Teachers who use the formal authority method concentrate more on the content of the lesson while the student is expected to receive this content. The teacher enlightens the content and materials in a manner that enables the students to receive the crux of the lesson and appreciate the essence of the whole time spent in learning.

Editing Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Editing Research Paper - Essay Example The onset of the so-called global village has necessitated the need for students to acquire an international experience, so as to be able to function as career men and women in a world that is rapidly becoming more and more interlinked. The notion of a â€Å"global perspective† has replaced the old global dream of a â€Å"world order.† The global village perspective emphasizes interdependence among all the nations of the world. Numerous new concepts serve as evidence of international interdependence that today’s students cannot avoid. These include the competitive pressures that have resulted due to globalization of economies, the linguistic and cultural challenges encountered in international business, the massive impact of 9/11 that the world feels to this day, international environmental challenges such as the negative ecological effect of global warming, and technologically facilitated telephonic and internet communications. Since the end of the Second World War, interactions and activities that essentially took place within the borders of a single state are increasingly taking place across national boundaries. Examples include business relationships, employment, professional associations, and family and social connections. This ongoing process of globalization has presented new pressures to individuals to competently engage in the free flow of commerce, communication, and ideas across national boundaries. To this effect, studying abroad serves as a way of preparing students to function effectively in this globalized society (Williamson 28-32). The advantages of studying abroad outweigh the disadvantages. The world is becoming increasingly globalized; therefore, studying in a foreign country is beneficial because it enables students to learn new languages and cultures, obtain exposure which widens their level of thinking, and learn to

Moving towards a cashless society Essay Example for Free

Moving towards a cashless society Essay In history there was no money but people used to evaluate commodities in monetary terms. People used to make trade of goods for goods that could be estimated to have same monetary value as waved. The person who wanted to buy some commodity could make estimates of the commodity the seller has and compare its value in terms of worthiness to the commodity of exchange. Money was later invented as a tangible form that includes paper and coin. Transactions were all handled in monetary value and different currencies were also put in place for different nations. Different rates were also set up to be able trade efficiently on different currencies. Cash became the day to day ways of trading were one had to have paper money so that they could be able to acquire whatever they want. Banks were developed for easier and safe storage so that no one could get hold of in illegally. Cash or money has the following advantages like that the mode of payment is easier and simple because no so much transactions are made. Counterfeit money is also easy to detect and systemic risks are hardly a problem. There is no paper trail and is a peer to peer mode of payment. It also introduced lots of problem like theft and counterfeiting of paper cash. This led to the revolutionary of cashless society by introduction of cheques where people no longer carry cash but writes cheques that authorizes withdrawals and payments in terms of cash. (Thorndal, 1994) Traditionally deposits have been used for payments at a distance. Deposits can be transferred in a number of ways: payer initiated transfer, direct debit, standing order, check, credit card. With distance to distance payments or mode of trade the demand for are more fast and effective ways of communication and trade came into place. The introduction of ATM card was introduced by the banks to enhance trade. People no longer had to carry cash but could make withdrawals through these cards. The electronic cash system came into place where people can buy things over the internet using cards as a form of electronic commerce. This electronic cash system involves use of cards that have been categorized as credit cards, electronic cash and smart cards. The credit cards involve creating an encrypted channel for use of cards for internet like VISA or MasterCard. Electronic cash uses specially designed software where customer buys electronic cash for digital wallet then sends as payment to merchant. Examples are DigiCash and CyberCash. Smart cards include contact less and swap cards like MasterCard, Visa, Quicklink, VisaCash, Protonn and Danmont. The growth of payment cards reflects their attractiveness to consumers over other forms of payment and credit. Payment cards offer consumers numerous benefits, including better management of one’s expenses, improved recordkeeping, greater shopping convenience, reduction of the risk of theft, float for those who do not revolve balances, rewards from use of cards that are available for additional purchases, and, especially for debit cards, convenience in obtaining cash. I first discuss these benefits and then consider the benefits of payment cards when used to obtain credit. (Wallace, 1983) Payment cards allow consumers to manage their money better by making it possible to anticipate, plan, and match their obligations to their available funds. The payment cards allow consumers to smooth out unexpected expenditures such as car repairs or family emergencies . Payment cards also reduce the costs of record keeping and retaining individual receipts. Checks also offer this advantage but payment cards do not require the additional inconvenience of recording in and then rebalance a checkbook. Payment cards can also reduce the time and transaction costs associated with shopping. Advances in technology have dramatically increased the speed of processing card transactions which are now substantially faster than writing checks. If the ATM is outside of the consumer’s network the consumer must pay a fee to withdraw the money. In contrast transactional users of payment cards pay nothing to use their card. Transaction errors, such as receiving too little or too much change, are also probably higher with cash than with electronic payment card transactions. Another advantage of payment cards is that payment cards can be used in a wide variety of outlets hence helping both consumers and merchants. (Krueger, 1999) Some Debit cards, PIN or online cards allow consumers to withdraw additional cash beyond the price of the purchase for which the card is used thus saving the use of ATM. Unsecured personal finance loans are expensive with much higher initiation fees than credit cards. Credit cards are attractive for consumers for both cost and convenience. General purpose credit cards have also substantially displaced retail store credit. We have also so many disadvantage of using payment cards. One of this disadvantage in that they are risky for customers because they cay be incur fraud easily. People can use your card and pin number once known to withdraw or use your money. Credit cards are also expensive to acquire because they are costly. Payment cards are only acceptable by registered merchants and hence are not applicable everywhere. Card users also incur high interchange fee and cost while transacting using this payment cards. (Prinz, 1999) Specific regulations need to make a cashless society of cards work smoothly. Regulation in the payment card need to be set due to the claim of interchange fees are too high and as a result reduces consumers to overuse payment card. Interchange fees arose from the structure of the Visa and MasterCard networks. Visa adopted a fixed interchange fee which was not linked to the merchant discount charged by individual acquirers. A uniform fee reduced the transaction costs of negotiating separate interchange fees between acquirers and issuers and eliminated the difficulties that issuers faced in monitoring in the merchant discount set by the acquirers. Visa and MasterCard reduced the interchange fees charged to supermarkets hence reducing the merchant discount. Some regulations were also imposed on regulating card frauds that many banks face. Fraud card detectors have been setup and laws governing the enactment of the card fraud have been set to punish those fraudsters. The winners of the cashless society are the consumers or users of the cards because they have been absorbed from the risk of physical theft of money. Even though there are fraudsters, the users are not exposed to so much risk of theft. Card users can effectively purchase things online regardless of the distance because all transactions are done to the and at a very high speed. The losers are the merchants or company providing this services because the have to incur all the expenses of setting up this technology and infrastructure. Lastly they incur the problem of making all transactions possible regardless the distance and parties involved. The merchants incur all this cost and expenses in this cashless society. (Buiter, 2005) Reference Buiter, W (2005): New developments in monetary economics: Economic journal, Vol. 115 Thorndal, J. (1994): Prepaid cards and monetary Review: Danmarks Publishers Krueger, M. (1999): Towards a Moneyless world: Dept of Economics and finance: University of Durham Press Prinz, A (1999): Money in the real and Virtual World: Netnomics journal. Wallace, N (1983): A suggestion for oversimplifying the theory of money: Economic journal

Ethnocentrism Essay example -- essays research papers

Webster’s dictionary defines ethnocentrism as â€Å"The tendency to evaluate other groups according to the values and standards of one's own ethnic group, especially with the conviction that one's own ethnic group is superior to the other groups.† When first reading this definition, one would naturally agree that ethnocentrism does exist in our world and society, often confusing it with patriotism. However, many do not realize that ethnocentrism is, has been, and continues to be a leading cause for violence in America. Different ethnic groups such as African Americans and Native Americans have suffered through years of violent crimes against them because of the white man’s ethnocentric views of themselves when compared with other races and cultures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ethnocentrism began to develop in America long before we were officially a nation. When Europeans first came to America and had their initial encounters with the Native Americans, the Europeans were so surprised about how different the Natives were. Their differences in language, dress, and skin color made them doubt that the Native Americans were even human. Stemming from this notion, the Europeans eventually began to consider the Natives as the â€Å"other† and felt that they were more civilized than the â€Å"others.† Amerigo Vespucci wrote that the Native Americans were â€Å"worse than heathen; because we did not see that they offered any sacrifice, nor did they have a house of prayer.† Consequently, these feelings...

4d Scheduling the Future of Planning?

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Building Information Modelling is a building design and documentation system based on coordinated, reliable, high quality information.This system enables the design and constr uction teams to create and manage information about a project consistently and reliably across the scope of the project. This information is stored in a unique model which ensures the information is coordinated, consistent and complete. Traditionally Building Projects were illustrated with manually created drawings, information was added to these illustrations by using motes and specifications. As CAD technology progressed this system became automated, though the output remained the same.The development of the Building Information Modelling methodology has created a new way of thinking and working. It gives us ability to model with objects and minimizes tedious drafting by allowing one 3D object handle multiple 2D representations when placed in an object. The coordinated data represented in the model allows us to visualize and analyse designs and make better informed decisions. Building Information modelling supports large team workflows to improve project understanding and enable t he team to predict more likely outcomes.The visibility which the BIM provides to all Project Team members contributes to the overall success of the Project through better coordination, improved accuracy and an ability to make informed decisions earlier in the Project. 4D BIM uses 3D CAD or 3D modelling and links individual 3D parts or assemblies with the project delivery timeline to add time; the fourth dimension, to the BIM. This management technique vastly improves the project management and delivery of construction project of any size or complexity. 4D Scheduling/ModellingA 4D model incorporates a 3D/BIM with a Project Schedule so that all Stakeholders can visualise the sequence of Construction. The model may be created to varying levels of detail, from high level zone analysis during the design phase( this can be useful for allowing foremen, area owners and Health and Safety agree on areas of responsibility and ownership), to detailed breakdowns for use by subcontractors so they can coordinate their own activities during construction of a project. This same model can be updated and maintained through the duration of the project based on an updated schedule and 3D model.The 4D elements are created by linking pre made 3D components to an activity in the Project Schedule. For example Task 1 is to erect 400m of Perimeter fencing. For every 10% which is completed on the Project Schedule, 40m of fencing will appear on the graphic. One aspect of 4D scheduling which is of particular aid to Planners is that it allows them to visualise a related sequence of activities in the construction process which may not have always instantly have occurred to them, such as changing location of traffic lanes and set down areas as buildings appear on a large site, or the changing locations/restrictions of swing space for cranes.Like an actual event or construction stage these non visual type activities require both start and end dates in the schedule linked to 3D components so th at they can be visualised in the model. 4D Scheduling in the Project Life Cycle; Though one of the most attractive uses of 4D (which I will detail later in this report) is at the bidding stage, there are three main stages of utilisation for the 4D model, Design, Tender and Construction. Design; 4D models can be used to determine , different configurations to Lay Down areas, Compound ownership, and Swing space for cranes to optimise the Project Layout and Project Schedule.The model will allow for multiple alternatives which can be assessed in detail at relatively low cost. It can also allow the designer to provide alternatives to the original brief which can show how to crash the project schedule, and the effect can be shown visually with workflows , or the impact of external traffic to the site during peak hours can be assessed. Tender/Bidding; The 4D model is fully utilised at this stage to demonstrate the Contractors ability to understand, direct and execute the brief and instil c onfidence in the client that the Project will be delivered on.The fact that time is linked to the 3D model allows the client to see the growth of the project and how all external factors have been taken into account and considered. It also generates a wow factor and allows the Contractor to stop and breakdown in detail different tasks at any stage of the presentation. Construction; 4D models can be used for several aspects of Construction, its Coordination and regular milestone reviews. From identifying and communicating where, how and when different trades will operate, to understanding the traffic, site and workflow processes.The model can be used on site for progress reviews and compared to as built/scheduled plans, by the management for both milestone reviews, and indeed for claims purposes also. The overall model & Schedule can be broken down into individual components for communication between main and subcontractors, and also used for communication between subcontractors them selves. Where possible the Main Contractor will allow the subcontractor access to the schedule so that they can visualise, communicate and update as required. Another valid use of the model during the construction phase. Project Team & Implementation D modelling/Scheduling is a combination of both the design and the schedule, so it is crucial to have various members of teh Project team on board to design, schedule implement and maintain the process. The first step is deciding who will create the model and who will provide teh inputs. Typicially teh team can be broken down and defined as follows; 3D Modeller; Generates teh 3D model and updates as per design requirements. Scheduler; Generates the project schedule, timeline and provides updates. 4D Modeller; Links the 4D model, provides guidance to both the Scheduler and 3D Modeller for updates.Project Stakeholders; Provide inputs on their own requirements and constraints at different stages of the project. Project Manager; Though the Project manager does not require direct operational input or control of the 4D Model, they need to consider and understand a number of crucial factors; Software Integration; Some 4D Software may only support certain formats of schedules and models. The project team should be confident that the 3D model and the supporting schedule are compatible and can be imported to the relevant 4D software.Interface Issues; It is not a necessity for all stakeholders to create and edit the 4D model but it is beneficial for all stakeholders to view teh progressing model. Stakeholders may be allowed to view only teh required aspects of teh model which affects their work. This can be done by creating basic video files or animations that can be viewed by basic media players. Thus reducing teh outlay for smaller subcontractors on expensive software packages or licences where they may not be entirely required.

Causes And Remedies Of Water Pollution - 1596 Words

CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION AND EFFECTS AND REMEDIES ABSTRACT Water is one of the necessities for existence of mankind. It is also one of the most abundantly available resources. But indifference of mankind and its abuse of the plentiful resource made water scarcity a problem for many nations around the globe. Water pollution is one major problem that demands utmost attention to deal with emerging water crisis. This paper is an attempt to describe various causes and remedies for water pollution. INTRODUCTION As stated by Wikipedia, Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater). Water pollution occurs when pollutants are directly or indirectly discharged into water bodies†¦show more content†¦The movement of the plume, called a plume front, may be analyzed through a hydrological transport model or groundwater model. Analysis of groundwater contamination may focus on the soil characteristics and site geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, and the nature of the contaminants. A number of contaminants are responsible for ground water contamination including a wide variety of chemicals and pathogens. Most these lead to reduction in normal oxygen content in water and hence make it unfit for consumption. Many areas of groundwater and surface water are now contaminated with heavy metals, POPs (persistent organic pollutants), and nutrients that have an adverse affect on health. Water-borne diseases and water-caused health problems are mostly due to inadequate and incompetent management of water resources. Safe water for all can only be assured when access, sustainability, and equity can be guaranteed. Access can be defined as the number of people who are guaranteed safe drinking water and sufficient quantities of it. There has to be an effort to sustain it, and there has to be a fair and equal distribution of water to all segments of the society. Urban areas generally have a higher coverage of safe water than the rural areas. Even within an area there is variation: areas that can pay for the services have access to safe water whereas areas that cannot pay for the services have to make do with waterShow MoreRelatedAcid Rain Is a Very Big Pollution Problem in the World1095 Words   |  5 PagesAcid rain is a very big pollution problem in the world. It has killed fish and other aquatic life in many lakes and streams. It harms human health, disfigures monuments and erodes buildings, and, along with other pollutants, threatens forests. The story of acid rain can be compared to the plot of a science fiction movie. In the 1950s an invisible force begins to destroy lakes and rivers, killing trout and salmon. 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